Affirmative Action And Diversity Within The United States

Affirmative action and diversity are two sides of the same coin, different but similar. The former can be described as when â€Å"leadership commits the organization to hiring and advancing minorities and women† whereas the latter is when â€Å"leadership creates an organizational culture that allows all members, minorities and women included, to reach their full potential† (Schermerhorn, 2012, p. 305). Affirmative action is the law in the United States, whereas diversity and diversity management are concepts that modern workplaces have adopted to continue the idea of affirmative action in all aspects of business, not just in recruiting and hiring. Affirmative action laws are designed to correct discriminatory hiring practices from the past, intended â€Å"for the organizational workforce to reflect the percentage of targeted groups represented in the segments of the labor force from which it recruits workers (Combs, 2005, p. 346). Diversity management, by contrast, is intended to maintain a diverse workforce from recruiting, to hire, through promotional opportunities; essentially, for the full life cycle of the employee. While affirmative action only applies to groups that were historically discriminated against, diversity management applies to everyone at an organization, including everyone. In addition, affirmative action establishes a standard system that everyone must adhere to regardless of company or industry, whereas diversity management is a constantly changing, ever evolving,Show MoreRelatedAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Discrimination910 Words   |  4 PagesFirst affirmative action refers to policies offering compensation to groups formerly targeted for discrimination and identified along social cleavages - racial groups in the United States and South Africa, and religious groups in Northern Ireland. Affirmative action is a federally mandated program for federal contractors as it relates to employment. Civil rights result from a series of federal and state civil rights laws and provide protection from discrimination and harassment on a variety of basesRead MoreAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Discrimination927 Words   |  4 PagesLegally, affirmative action refers to policies offering compensation to groups formerly targeted for discrimination and identified along social cleavages racial groups in the United States and South Africa, and religious groups in Northern Ireland. Affirmative action is also described as a federally mandated program for federal contractors as it relates to employment. Civil Right results from federal and state laws against discrimination. Some groups of people have been discriminated and harassmentRead More Its Time to Put and End to Affirmative Action Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pages Affirmative action should be changed or ended altogether In the late Sixties, Martin Luther King Jr. fought hard for equal rights. Before he was assassinated in 1968, he made a speech about his vision of human equality. â€Å"I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.† (King) The Sixties were a turning point for racial equality. Because of leaders like King, many blacks and minorityRead MoreAffirmative Action Should Be Changed or Ended All Together1605 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative action should be changed or ended altogether In the late Sixties, Martin Luther King Jr. fought hard for equal rights. Before he was assassinated in 1968, he made a speech about his vision of human equality. I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. (King) The Sixties were a turning point for racial equality. Because of leaders like King, many blacks and minorityRead MoreDiversity Management Focuses On The Heterogeneity Inside The Organizations1315 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity management focuses on the heterogeneity inside the organizations. Diversity management was a response to the common situation when companies started to hire employees of various age, nationality, race, religion etc. It is based on the principle that the differences between people do not have to prevent them from working together. This is directly connected with the concept of ethical behavior. Generally ethics is defined as a moral code which is accepted in a concrete society, thoughRead MoreAn Argument Against Affirmative Action Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesPaved with Good Intentions: An Argument Against Affirmative Action Out of the jaws of civil war, the new United States had emerged. Broken and burning and minus 620,000 men, a new challenge lay before the nation: social equality. How would we address the sickening grievances endured by these African American now-citizens? That question has hallmarked fiery debates from dinner tables all the way to the Supreme Court for more than a century. During the Civil Rights Movement, millions of American citizensRead MoreAffirmative Action1559 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH PAPER AFFIRMATIVE ACTION INTRODUCTION Affirmative Action is an employment legislation protection system that is intended to address the systemized discrimination faced by women and minorities. It achieves this by enforcing diversity through operational intrusions into recruitment, selection, and other personnel functions and practices in America. Originally, Affirmative Action arose because of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s desire to integrate society on educationalRead MoreAffirmative Action774 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative action is a practice that is intended to promote opportunities for the â€Å"protected class† which includes minorities, woman, and people with disabilities or any disadvantaged group for that matter. With affirmative action in place people of this protected class are given an even playing field in terms of hiring, promotion, as well as compensation. Historically, affirmative action is only known to have protected African Americans and woman; however that is not the case. Affir mative actionRead MoreAffirmative Action And The Law Of The United States Of America1496 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction Affirmative action has founded a particular precedent in the Law of the United States of America. It evolved from being an administrative practice of the state and interventionist measures of the President to a way to enshrine the right to equality under the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and the incorporation into the constitution plexus of the 14th amendment where it is stated that no state may deny within its jurisdiction the protection of the law to all its inhabitants.Read MoreEducational Benefits of Increasing Diversity on College Campuses1308 Words   |  6 PagesDebate on race becoming more heated many believe that precise action needs to be taken before the twenty-five year timeframe, especially with minority populations becoming larger in areas were racial issues still persist. It is safe to say that Grutter enumerated five basic questions that would determine whether race conscious admissions policies are constitutional. â€Å"(1) Whether the program offers a competitive review of all applications without quotas or separate tracts that isolate minorities

Analysis Of Mary Atwood And Sylvia Plath s The Handmaid...

Death is a part of Life. Ironically, despite this inevitable truth, many people spend the duration of their lives fearing death. In a way, the concept of living seems rather futile if the end result remains inalterable. Why fight to live if death is inevitable? It is in this despondent frame of mind, the woman of Sylvia Plath’s poem, Edge, and Moira of Margaret Atwood’s novel, The Handmaids Tale, find themselves accepting their condemnation as their destiny. Both Margaret Atwood and Sylvia Plath use their works as emotional outlets to express the hopeless disposition one comes to embrace having reached the point of exhaustion. Together, Moira from The Handmaid’s Tale and the â€Å"perfected woman† from Edge exemplify the quality of life or lack†¦show more content†¦Looking at both works comparatively, Plath’s poem acts as a foreshadowing for the potential downfall to come in Atwood’s female characters if they do indeed allow â€Å"t he bastards to grind them down†. The Handmaids Tale follows multiple women through their experiences with oppressive forces ranging from government to the male population as well as the female population. Of these women, the character of Moira proves to be the most determined in her efforts to resist conformity. Through the protagonist’s perspective, we learn Moira is Offred’s best friend from pre-Gilead days. Since Gilead has come to replace The United States in this dystopian novel, women’s rights have been revoked entirely leaving them vulnerable to the men monopolizing the power. In fear for their lives, most women become complacent accepting their new roles in this patriarchal society, Offred included. Unlike Offred and these other women, Moira refuses to succumb to her position in the new system. Offred portrays Moira to be an image of inspiration for all women too frightened to mimic her actions. Just as Offred, Moira has been captured and is in the process of being trained as a handmaid at the Red Center. To further enhance the gender divide, Atwood uses the role of a handmaid to explore the connection between gender and politics, specifically women’s bodies being viewed as property. Being that handmaids are of the few fertile women left in this toxic

A Guide to 6th Grade Argumentative Essay Topics

A Guide to 6th Grade Argumentative Essay Topics Top 6th Grade Argumentative Essay Topics Secrets From my experience, it's fine to start your essay with a question. There are 3 basic kinds of essays,, and When given a choice, folks typically do not select the argumentative essay. Whether you like our topics since they are or wish to alter them for your essay, you will have to find something entirely fresh sooner or later in your studies. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. As an issue of fact, the content of your essay is dependent on what you're likely to write about. It should include recent statistics and information from reliable sources. Inside my experience, descriptive essays are only difficult in regards to deciding just what things to write about. Argumentative essay demands a lot of expert opinions and references to back up your theory. There are lots of aspects about a sport which can be argued in an essay. Ethical issues place the society in dilemmas. A European essay should present a number of viewpoints. The Best essay writing service UK implies that the selection of language and words leave a massive effect on the readers. The very first step is where a significant number of students become stuck. Standing out from the remainder of your class and receiving the grade you would like for your student essay writing assignment is not simple. The school day needs to be shorter. Persuade your sister or brother to assist you talk your parents into something you would like to do. Should you need assistance on any kind of essay writing, you will see it here too. So ensure you decide on a subject, which has values in it. If it's necessary to write your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. In any case, your argumentative essay might be shown before the entire group as an illustration of fantastic work. You ought to make sure you keep on that 1 side during your whole essay. You don't need to fret about your essay. If you're writing an argumentative essay as a middle school student you wish to guarantee you choose a great essay topic. The Best essay writing service UK suggests your essay ought to be properly structured. If you're new to writing argumentative essays, there are a number of key factors which you can learn that could help you compose a far better argumentative essay. Note it is possible to fail so much as the simplest topic in case you don't pay enough attention to instructions and guidelines. The multiple topics might be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. You could be given the topic straight away by your professor, or perhaps you be free to decide on the topic yourself. The thesis gives you a guideline on the best way to go about with writing the essay. Your thesis needs to be relevant so the guide can use a structure that's flexible in order to fit in the shoes of the readers. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. An argumentative essay is among the most troublesome forms of essays. Writing an argumentative essay can occasionally be confusing as you don't necessarily understand how to compose a convincing argument. Writing a superb persuasive essay is not a simple task, however, it's achievable. Writing a persuasive, argumentative essay can be challenging, and at times it can find a little confusing. Normally, the teachers or professors assign the topics by themselves. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. Parents of bullies should need to pay a fine.

Immigration Policy and Immigrant Quality †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Immigration Policy and Immigrant Quality. Answer: Introduction: The essay focuses on the comparison and distinguishes two different applications on migration legislation of the Australia and New Zealand. Firstly the migration policy on business skills discusses on the legislation of Australia. The permanent migration program of business skills (BSM) is a dynamic concept in the expansion of migration law in Australia. The country like Australia designed such migration program to allow and encourage the migration of business oriented migrants in order to establish economic benefits out of it. The country follows norms of non-discriminatory immigration policy that is such immigration policy does not regard the grounds of sex, caste, creed and colour[1]. The key benefits of Business Skills Migration (BSM) include encouragement on settlement of business tycoons and to utilise their productive business traits in the development of the business industry in the country. The BSM Policy plays a vital role in establishing, managing and investing a new or an existing business industry in Australia. The program mainly accelerates the business of overseas owners, senior executives and the investors. The business migrants also support in improving a national immigration system of the country and provide promotion of welcoming more numbers of prominent skilled professionals to Australia. On the other side, the migration law for business migrant category of New Zealand deals with certain dominating factors such as policy set out the criteria of migration according to business migrants qualifications, work profile and the opportunity of the business. The New Zealand migration law believed to implement basic criteria to test skills of business migrants. The country like New Zealand believes changes in the migration law for skilled migrant category by imposing changes in the old point system of automatic selection in the number of category. The New Zealand encourages the employment of business migrants at all basic level of small and large businesses and aim to provide higher monetary values to those business migrants. The application of migration law in Australia and New Zealand deals with following comparison in it. Firstly, the Australia BSM programme classified mainly three broad categories of business migrants that are general skilled entrepreneurs, employer oriented nominations and lastly one has distinguished talent or skill in business. On the contrary, the New Zealand BSM programme does not provide broad classification but introduce welcoming steps mainly of investors and point based system to afford opportunity for skilled individuals to acquire everlasting residency in NZ. In [2] the case of Cheung, the court held that business migrant category does not include the permit of business visas for business entrepreneurs family unless family is involved with a business interest under criteria of [3] Australian Migration law. While, the Migration law of New Zealand accept its business valuation of the business migrants experience on a minimum term of three years before permitting to be a permanent business resident in its recent case of AW (Migrant Business Investor) [4] under the guidelines of business migrant investor type 2 category of the NZ legislation[5]. Australia and New Zealand are considered as universal players in regard to business skilled migration programme. In the recent era, both the countries have worked on many perpetual residencies in immigration policies for business migrants. The purpose to implement such programmes is to segment mainly two significance objectives that is one is to build nation and another is to boost fiscal or economic development. By the year of 2014 Australian and New Zealand approaches had adapted to a notable mark on the research evidence of national and international law. Both the Australian and New Zealand government objects is to draw attention on the the finest and brightest scheme in business skilled migrants which is capable of safeguarding prompt and evidently provide a beneficial economic outcomes. In the recent times, the Australia and New Zealand immigration department united mainly eight approaches in relation to business migration programme. Firstly, it focuses on arranging movement of fiscal growth. Secondly, the immigration law differentiated the sources of skill levels in every individual business migrants. Thirdly, it polished the points system to expand minimizing the exploitation of small entrepreneurs opportunities. Fourthly, it aims to reinforce county migration benefits to reassure more distributed patterns of settlement for business migrants. Fifthly, it boosted global business tycoons employments in order to increase prospective resources for skilled business migrates. Sixthly, it stretched short term labour migration in order to establish a developing national. Seventhly, it heightened ambit for two-step migration process for temporary business migrants and for their family. Lastly, it put endeavours to minimise abuse of BSM program through the introduction of m ore comprehensible and translucent selection system[6]. In terms of comparison and contradiction, the Australian Migration Law having more successful and effective policies on BSM programme as compared to New Zealand Migration Law. For instance- The Australian Government has introduced a new pathway for business migrants of New Zealand by providing an option like employer nominated subclass 186 visa where age limit for direct entry of visa applicants has been decreased to the limit of 45 years and increase in the competency test for English transition system and also provide possible changes in the lists of skilled visa programs. Such (189 visa) create a stepping stone in announcing a new way to perpetual residency for every New Zealand citizens who presently living in Australia as business migrant. This new visa 189 became offered from first July of present year for New Zealand citizens contributed commitment and dedication in Australian economy for the last five years[7]. In Australia governments was in a position at once struggling to liberalise supremacy of business skill migration through ways of extending liberty of trade in order to safeguard essence of business affairs and stop falling in the number of business migrants who were undergoing with an issue of lack of perpetual settlement consequences. However, the present picture of Australian temporary and long-standing terms of business migration programs is no more matter of persistent examination to determine the negative outcomes in Australia. Whereas, the Immigration law of New Zealand has been viewed as a necessary element somewhat other than an optional choice in the country since 1840s. The concept of migration law has often created the limits between short-term and long-term migration programmes and forms a blurred picture. The issue of Labour migrations from country like New Zealand are often constructed on triadic relationships between global disparities among self-identified indigenous associations, the national conditions and circumstances where such association live, and lastly the native country conditions and circumstances where they or their ancestors arose. The three keys for skilled business migration programme are offered mainly three approaches. Firstly, it enables an access of permanent skilled migrants more efficiently for purposes of national assets. Secondly, the Short-term funded employees nominated to work in good positions of any prominent company for up to term of four years. Lastly, the Australia focuses mainly on global business migrants who possess potential of skilled business traits in it[8]. The business skilled migration strategy will always considered as a challenge for both Australia and New Zealand in a situation where global business migration is a major spectacle. The temporary movement of business migrants is a most highlighting issue in current time whereas the convenience provided to those countries which can changes the demand level for another. The vitality of these business migration trends, the government for both Australian and New Zealand with practical migration policies is indulged to amend their entrance policies. The migration law must encounter those difficult factors of business immigration programme in order to achieve ultimate goal of developing economy of a nation. Therefore, it is clear from the above analysis between Australia and New Zealand that the business migrants establish a durable inclination in regard to business skills permanent residence migration program. There has been a strong contradiction and comparison formed between the Austria and New Zealand on the basis of above statistics of research evidence. Bibliography Paul, Miller. "Immigration policy and immigrant quality: The Australian points system."(2009) 192-197.The American Economic Review89, no. 2 Fang- Siew Law. "Recruiting international students as skilled migrants: the global skills raceas viewed from Australia and New Zealand."(2007): 59-76 Globalisation, Societies and Education4, no. 1. Graeme, Hugo "Migration policies designed to facilitate the recruitment of skilled workers in Australia."(2002): 291-320 International mobility of the highly skilled. Kate, McMillan "Affective integration and access to the rights of permanent residency: New Zealanders resident in Australia post-2001." (2017): 103-127. Ethnicities 17, no. 1 Cheung v Minister for immigration and multicultural and indigenous affairs (2005) FCA 1725 AW (Migrant Business Investor) (2016) NZIPT 203075

Brazil and coffee

Table of Contents Introduction Quality of the Brazilian Coffee Brazil: The supplier The Rise of Specialty Coffee Economic Relations Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Currently, Brazil is the leading coffee producer in the world (Santos). Furthermore, it is the second largest consumer of coffee after the United States, and has more than 300,000 coffee farms.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Brazil and coffee specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that Brazil enjoys over five million jobs which are generated by coffee production. Brazil is the only coffee producing country where coffee is no longer grown primarily for export as a major source of income, as in all the other coffee producing countries, but rather for internal consumption. While almost 70% of Americans drink coffee regularly, in Brazil, this rate is above 90% increasing. Brazil offers all the types and qualities of coffee desired by c onsumers: Arabica and Robusta, natural, pulped naturals and washed coffee, single – origin coffee, an immense number of varietals, custom – made blends, volumes both large and small, and niche products (specialty, organic and certified coffee). This great diversity is the result of cultivation at varying latitudes and in different attitudes, soils, and climates. Brazilians consume locally many of the best coffees in the world. The Brazilian Coffee Association (ABIC) undertakes many unique and successful campaigns to provide Brazilians with coffee of all kinds, varieties, blends, and types, always with a rigorous control of coffee purity and quality, as well as with the most appropriate and healthy roasting. ABIC has set up the Coffee Quality Program where consumers have the freedom to choose from three major coffee options: traditional, superior, or gourmet. The PQC is also a program for the education of consumers with regard to coffee consumption; when consumers are b etter informed, they consume more and seek products with higher added value and a good cost benefit ration. A major focus is given to the healthy properties of coffee by having medically qualified properties of coffee by having medically qualified professionals to advise the Brazilian coffee industry, something unique and pioneering in the world, making this one important factor for the increasing coffee consumption observed in Brazil over the past fifteen years (Santos). There is some Brazilian coffee in almost every espresso you drink and in most canned coffee and major roasters’ blends (Talbot). Coffee from Brazil has delighted the world for many years, bringing with it the contagious joy of its people, their colorfulness, their tastes and their smells.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Anyone who experiences the pronounced aroma and characteristics of Brazilian coffee cannot help but fall in love. Brazilian coffee requires a lower initial roasting temperature, since this far healthier than over roasted or very dark roasted coffee. Lots of people prefer a really good natural dry process – more cream, more chocolate, more body, and some fruit note. Quality of the Brazilian Coffee There is a great effort being made on behalf of Brazilian coffee as exquisite and distinctive specialty – level coffee. For more than a century, coffee was the country’s most significant export crop, and its image and perception are intimately related. In all parts of Brazil, coffee growing creates jobs, homes and income for around ten million people. Brazilian coffee is appreciated not just for the aroma and pleasant taste, sweetness and body, but also for the natural processing method employed during the harvesting, which helps preserve the environment. Brazilian coffee is produced in the most appropriate regions and undergoes current drying, processing, and selection procedures, which enables local companies to produce high quality roasted and ground coffee, comparable to the nest in the world (OECD). Brazil: The supplier Brazil is the world’s biggest supplier of coffee, accounting for around a quarter of the global market (Bacon, Ernesto and Stephen). Tariffs on coffee are generally low, but there is a significant amount of tariff escalation, with higher rates on roasted coffee than on beans, and some countries applying high rates on instant coffee. The three main markets are the European Union, the United States and Japan. Unroasted beans enter these markets duty free but roasted coffee pays a 7.5% tariff into the European Union – which contrasts with 0% for ACP counties and 2% for GSP countries – and 10% into Japan. Exports into the United States are exempt from tariffs, but their volume is nevertheless reduced by the benefits provided to farmers in Ecuador, Colombia and Peru under the United St ates’ anti – drug initiative. The Rise of Specialty Coffee The North American specialty coffee market grows 5 – 10 percent each years, and it reached an estimated retail value of $ 7.8 billion by 2001. This rapid growth contrasts to slow demand growth for bulk commercial – grade coffees. Unheard of 30 years ago, the specialty or gourmet market represents 17 percent of US coffee imports by volume and 40% of the retail market by value. The US purchases 25% of the internationally traded coffee in the world. In 1982, a small number of small scale coffee roasting companies joined together to form the Specialty Coffee association of America (SCAA). The mission of the SCAA is to promote high quality gourmet coffee and sustainability.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Brazil and coffee specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Commercial – grade coffees do not have equally strict quality req uirements, are commonly sold in tin, cans, and often cost the consumer half the price (Topik and Allen). In addition to claims to superior taste, specialty coffee companies celebrate the craftsmanship of coffee roasting and preparations; they employ more specialized roasting processes, focus on product freshness and use large marketing expenditures to differentiate their product from bulk commercial grade coffees. The specialty roasters depend on a higher quality coffee bean and are generally willing to pay producers price premiums for better beans (Bacon, Ernesto and Stephen). Coffee prices are subject to upward spikes in June, July and August due to possible freezes scares in brazil during the winter months in the southern hemisphere (Commodity Research Bureau). The Brazilian coffee crop is harvested in May and extending for several weeks into what are the winter moths in Brazil. A major freeze in Brazil occurs every five years on average. Demand – the US coffee consumption rose slightly by +3.9% to 22.649 million bags in 2006, mildly below the 4 decade high of 22.8 million bags seen in 2000. Trade – world coffee exports in 2006 – 07 rose +9.8% bags, which was a 4 decade high. The all time high of 24.549 million bags was posted in 1962. They key counties from which the US imported coffee in 2006 were Brazil which accounted for 28% of US imports, Columbia 12%, Mexico 4% and Guatemala 4% (Commodity Research Bureau). Economic Relations It is worth noting the economic relationship between the United States of America and Brazil. What stands out is the fact that United States is ranked as among the top Brazil investors. This has been orchestrated by the signing of the trade agreement by the president of United States and the Brazilian president in 2011. Through this agreement, a framework which will ensure that there is direct trade between the two countries will be enhanced. For instance, Brazil was ranked as the 18th largest supplier of goo ds to the United States of America. According to records from the department of trade, in 2010, US imported goods from Brazil which were totaling to $23.9 billion. This was a 19.2% increase as compared to the previous year. Essentially, with this kind of record, polices which have been put in place with regard to trade between these two countries stands out.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the coffee perspective, the growing demand of coffee from the US has escalated this relationship. Essentially, polices which have been put in place have ensured that the trade relations are enhanced. In addition, the gradual resurgence of the US economy has also increased the demand. At this point it is worth noting that Brazil was ranked as the 5th largest exporter of agricultural good to the United States. And in this case, coffee was ranked as the top most commodities which were exported to the US. Unroasted coffee which was exported to the United States in 2010 amounted to $1.1 billion. This ensures that the current market by the US is top priority by the Brazilian agricultural sector. Conclusion In conclusion, based on the fact that all factors considered, the trade relations between the United States and Brazil are bound to be enhanced, there is a high likelihood that the market of coffee from Brazil is going to increase. In addition, this will be orchestrated by the enha nced production strategies which the Brazilian agricultural sector has put in place to ensure that quality is achieved and maintained. Works Cited Bacon, Christopher, MÃ ©ndez, Ernesto and Stephen Gliessman. Confronting the Coffee Crisis: Fair Trade, Sustainable Livelihoods and Ecosystems in Mexico and Central America. Massacheussets: MIT Press, 2008. Print. Commodity Research Bureau. The CRB Commodity Yearbook 2007. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2007. Print. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). OECD Review of Agricultural Policies Brazil. New York: OECD Publishing, 2005. Print. Santos, Roseane M. An Unashamed Defense of Coffee. New York: Xlibris Corporation, 2009. Print. Talbot, John. Grounds for Agreement: The Political Economy of the Coffee Commodity Chain. New York: Rowman Littlefield, 2004. Print. Topik, Steven and Allen Wells. The Second Conquest of Latin America: Coffee, Henequen, and Oil during the Export Boom, 1850-1930. Texas: University of Tex as Press, 1998. Print. This term paper on Brazil and coffee was written and submitted by user Riley Saunders to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Empirical Rule for Mean, Median, and Mode

Empirical Rule for Mean, Median, and Mode Within sets of data, there are a variety of descriptive statistics. The mean, median and mode all give measures of the center of the data, but they calculate this in different ways: The mean is calculated by adding all of the data values together, then dividing by the total number of values.The median is calculated by listing the data values in ascending order, then finding the middle value in the list.The mode is calculated by counting how many times each value occurs. The value that occurs with the highest frequency is the mode. On the surface, it would appear that there is no connection between these three numbers. However, it turns out that there is an empirical relationship between these measures of center. Theoretical vs. Empirical Before we go on, it is important to understand what we are talking about when we refer to an empirical relationship and contrast this with theoretical studies. Some results in statistics and other fields of knowledge can be derived from some previous statements in a theoretical manner. We begin with what we know, and then use logic, mathematics, and deductive reasoning and see where this leads us. The result is a direct consequence of other known facts. Contrasting with the theoretical is the empirical way of acquiring knowledge. Rather than reasoning from already established principles, we can observe the world around us. From these observations, we can then formulate an explanation of what we have seen. Much of science is done in this manner. Experiments give us empirical data. The goal then becomes to formulate an explanation that fits all of the data. Empirical Relationship In statistics, there is a relationship between the mean, median and mode that is empirically based. Observations of countless data sets have shown that most of the time the difference between the mean and the mode is three times the difference between the mean and the median. This relationship in equation form is: Mean – Mode 3(Mean – Median). Example To see the above relationship with real world data, let’s take a look at the U.S. state populations in 2010. In millions, the populations were: California - 36.4, Texas - 23.5, New York - 19.3, Florida - 18.1, Illinois - 12.8, Pennsylvania - 12.4, Ohio - 11.5, Michigan - 10.1, Georgia - 9.4, North Carolina - 8.9, New Jersey - 8.7, Virginia - 7.6, Massachusetts - 6.4, Washington - 6.4, Indiana - 6.3, Arizona - 6.2, Tennessee - 6.0, Missouri - 5.8, Maryland - 5.6, Wisconsin - 5.6, Minnesota - 5.2, Colorado - 4.8, Alabama - 4.6, South Carolina - 4.3, Louisiana - 4.3, Kentucky - 4.2, Oregon - 3.7, Oklahoma - 3.6, Connecticut - 3.5, Iowa - 3.0, Mississippi - 2.9, Arkansas - 2.8, Kansas - 2.8, Utah - 2.6, Nevada - 2.5, New Mexico - 2.0, West Virginia - 1.8, Nebraska - 1.8, Idaho - 1.5, Maine - 1.3, New Hampshire - 1.3, Hawaii - 1.3, Rhode Island - 1.1, Montana - .9, Delaware - .9, South Dakota - .8, Alaska - .7, North Dakota - .6, Vermont - .6, Wyoming - .5 The mean population is 6.0 million. The median population is 4.25 million. The mode is 1.3 million. Now we will calculate the differences from the above: Mean – Mode 6.0 million – 1.3 million 4.7 million.3(Mean – Median) 3(6.0 million – 4.25 million) 3(1.75 million) 5.25 million. While these two differences numbers do not match exactly, they are relatively close to one another. Application There are a couple of applications for the above formula. Suppose that we do not have a list of data values, but do know any two of the mean, median or mode. The above formula could be used to estimate the third unknown quantity. For instance, if we know that we have a mean of 10, a mode of 4, what is the median of our data set? Since Mean – Mode 3(Mean – Median), we can say that 10 – 4 3(10 – Median). By some algebra, we see that 2 (10 – Median), and so the median of our data is 8. Another application of the above formula is in calculating skewness. Since skewness measures the difference between the mean and the mode, we could instead calculate 3(Mean – Mode). To make this quantity dimensionless, we can divide it by the standard deviation to give an alternate means of calculating the skewness than using moments in statistics. A Word of Caution As seen above, the above is not an exact relationship. Instead, it is a good rule of thumb, similar to that of the range rule, which establishes an approximate connection between the standard deviation and range. The mean, median and mode may not fit exactly into the above empirical relationship, but there’s a good chance that it will be reasonably close.

The representation of savagery and civilization Term Paper

The representation of savagery and civilization - Term Paper Example The American civilization for example, was a combination of European immigrant new technology in terms of superior weaponry farming and international trade technology. It therefore easily overpowered that native technology of bows, arrows and constant migration of Native American tribes. This paper sets out to distinguish between the concepts of savagery and civilization with reference to the contribution of a number of primary sources who have tackled this topic in the past. Perspectives of Primary Sources on Savagery and Civilization In the Descent of man, Darwin describes as native the communities that were to be found in the Western Frontier during the expansion of American rule. He makes the assertion that reproductive power is lower in barbarons or savages than in civilized people (Darwin 45). This was an attempt to compare a purely biological process [reproduction] in people who had attained different levels of civilization. It is clear from the argument in the paper that Darw in is actually talking about mortality rate or reproductive rate. This is because he goes further to argue that because of the poor living conditions, the barbarons have a lower rate of survival. However he goes further to allege that savages appear to be â€Å"less prolific that civilized people† (Darwin, 46). Among the reasons given for the low population levels among the savages are wars with neighbors, a tendency to wander from place to place that endangers the lives of infants, diseases, famine and lack of water. Darwin also states that infanticide is a major cause of depopulation since the savages would rather kill children, especially girls, in an attempt to keep down the population levels (Darwin, 46). Another great blight of colonialism was slavery. Arguments that some cultures were superior to others and civilized persons were much more superior to native savages fuelled the slave trade. This trade ensured that some people were subhuman as they had not undergone the full extent of development in the process of natural selection. According to Darwin certain humans were a sub species of the human species (Darwin 175). Humans therefore shamelessly traded in other humans like commodities. They owned them, made them work and then sold them up to other owners. However, Darwin’s allegations have since been challenged by later day scholars who termed some of Darwin’s assertions as inadequate, presumptive and not supported by irrefutable evidence. Among the scholars who disagree is Fredrick Jackson Turner who refers to the civilization of America as meeting of minds between the European settlers and the American native life (Turner, 3). He goes further to describe how the European had to adjust to the American life by planting corn, using the birch canoe to travel and even adopting the native Indian war cry in order to survive. He acknowledges that the European brought with him some superior technology including the gun and train, but the se alone were not enough for his survival as the environment proved too tough unless he adjusted (Turner, 4). According to him, therefore, it is the combination of cultures that brings about civilization rather than a single purist culture (Turner, 4). The contribution of these arguments towards colonialism was that colonists always argued that they were bringing forth a new